With the development of new system solutions that integrate traditional cloud computing with the edge/fog computing paradigm, dynamic optimization of service execution has become a challenge due to the edge computing resources being more distributed and dynamic.

Coordinated fog (edge) and cloud computing systems are expected to expedite the evolution of smart farming toward openness and data sharing while making agriculture economically sustainable for smaller farms.

Industry and academia shift from the single cloud provider paradigm to cloud federations and alternative models, which orchestrate heterogeneous resources, such as Mobile Edge Computing and Fog Computing.